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有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系的現(xiàn)狀及問題探討
摘要:我國經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系中“經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”指的是各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體為實(shí)現(xiàn)一定經(jīng)濟(jì)目的的生產(chǎn)、交換、分配和消費(fèi)活動中所形成的相互關(guān)系。法律體系通常指由一個國家的全部現(xiàn)行法律規(guī)范分類組合為不同的法律部門（或部門法）而形成的有關(guān)聯(lián)系的統(tǒng)一整體。商法是指調(diào)整商事交易主體在其商行為中所形成的法律關(guān)系，也就是商事關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的總稱。商法獨(dú)立后，我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系由民法、商法和經(jīng)濟(jì)法三個部門法構(gòu)成。“經(jīng)濟(jì)法律”和“經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系”本不是規(guī)范的法學(xué)術(shù)語，以之為基礎(chǔ)而進(jìn)行過深的法學(xué)理論探究是歧途末路。“經(jīng)濟(jì)法律”和“經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系”概念之所以存在和被使用，主要是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)法學(xué)研究的需要，特別是市場經(jīng)濟(jì)法學(xué)的法律經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的需要。從法學(xué)角度講，“經(jīng)濟(jì)法律”和“經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系”概念只是臨時(shí)借用而已，對之進(jìn)行法學(xué)研究的目的在于揭示以不同經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系為調(diào)整對象的民法、商法和經(jīng)濟(jì)法等法律部門之間的相互關(guān)系。關(guān)鍵詞：經(jīng)濟(jì)法律、法律體系、商法地位、經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系
Abstracts: China’s economic legal system, "economic relations" refers to all economic entities to achieve a certain objective of economic production, exchange, distribution and consumption activities in the form of mutual relations. Usually refers to the legal system by a country’s classification of all existing legal norms for different combinations of the legal department (or law department) and links related to the formation of a unified whole. Law refers to the adjustment of the main commercial transactions in the conduct of its business in the form of legal relationship, that is, commercial relations between the general term for the legal norms. Independent commercial law, China’s economic legal system by the civil law, commercial law and economic law of the three sectors constitute the law. "Economic laws" and "economic and legal system," this is not a standard term of law, so as to the basis and carried out deep into the legal theory is wrong end. "Economic laws" and "economic and legal system," the concept exists and is used mainly due to the economic needs of Law, in particular, the market economy of the Law of Law and Economics Research. From the perspective of law, "economic laws" and "economic and legal system" concept is only temporary use only, for the purpose of the study of law in order to reveal the different economic relations for the adjustment of the targets of civil law, commercial law and economic law and other legal departments Mutual relations.
Key words: economic laws, legal systems, commercial law, economic law
一、關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系
雖然“經(jīng)濟(jì)法律”不是一個規(guī)范的法學(xué)術(shù)語，但如果以“對象說”對之下一個定義的話，那么多數(shù)學(xué)者都會贊同：經(jīng)濟(jì)法律是調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范。在這個定義當(dāng)中，“經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”是關(guān)鍵詞，只要弄清了“經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”的內(nèi)涵、外延，并對之做出科學(xué)的分類，就能基本掌握經(jīng)濟(jì)法律的形式范圍和經(jīng)濟(jì)法律體系的部門構(gòu)成。1所謂“經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”，是指各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體為實(shí)現(xiàn)一定經(jīng)濟(jì)目的在生產(chǎn)、交換、分配和消費(fèi)活動中所形成的相互關(guān)系。從“經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”的定義可以看出，它有兩個基本特征：一是經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系是經(jīng)濟(jì)主體之間的關(guān)系，離開了經(jīng)濟(jì)主體就無所謂經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的數(shù)量決定于經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的數(shù)量；二是經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系形成于生產(chǎn)、交換、分配和消費(fèi)等經(jīng)濟(jì)活動之中，沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)活動就不可能形成經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的多少決定經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的多少。而無論經(jīng)濟(jì)主體還是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，都取決于社會分工的程度，社會分工越細(xì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)主體越多，經(jīng)濟(jì)活動也越頻繁。根據(jù)馬克思主義政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理，人類社會經(jīng)歷了三次大的社會分工：第一次是游牧部落從其余的野蠻人中分化出來，第二次是手工業(yè)同農(nóng)業(yè)的分離，第三次是商人的出現(xiàn)，其中每一次社會分工都是在前一次的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的，亦即社會分工越來越細(xì)。社會分工不是跳躍式發(fā)展的，它有一個量變的過程，在每一次大的社會分工之前，都發(fā)生和存在著大量的較小的社會分工，而且中間會有許多“分庇“合”的反復(fù)；社會分工也不是有終點(diǎn)限制的，在第三次大的社會分工之后，社會分工仍然在向前發(fā)展，而且速度更快、頻率更高。由此可見，社會分工的發(fā)展有三大趨勢：一是越來越細(xì)的趨勢，二是不斷調(diào)整變化的趨勢，三是越來越快的趨勢，自第三次大的社會分工至今的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展實(shí)踐也證明了這一點(diǎn)。社會分工越來越精細(xì)、越來越快，必然導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)主體、經(jīng)濟(jì)活動和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的大量、迅速增加；社會分工的不斷調(diào)整變化，必然導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)主體、經(jīng)濟(jì)活動和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的不斷更新發(fā)展。總之，經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的數(shù)量將隨著社會分工的不斷細(xì)化發(fā)展而日益增加?BR
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